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27 Assessing Differences in Academic Achievement Among a National Sample of Children with Epilepsy Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Brandon Almy, Lauren Scimeca, David Marshall, Brittany L. Nordhaus, Erin Fedak Romanowski, Nancy McNamara, Elise Hodges, Madison M. Berl, Alyssa Ailion, Donald J. Bearden, Katrina Boyer, Crystal M. Cooper, Amanda M. Decrow, Priscilla H. Duong, Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, Marsha Gabriel, Jennifer I. Koop, Kelly A. McNally, Andrew Molnar, Emily Olsen, Kim E. Ono, Kristina E. Patrick, Brianna Paul, Jonathan Romain, Leigh N. Sepeta, Rebecca L.H. Stilp, Greta N. Wilkening, Mike Zaccariello, Frank Zelko
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 28-29
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Objective:
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted schools and learning formats. Children with epilepsy are at-risk for generalized academic difficulties. We investigated the potential impact of COVID-19 on learning in those with epilepsy by comparing achievement on well-established academic measures among school-age children with epilepsy referred prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and those referred during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Participants and Methods:This study included 466 children [52% male, predominately White (76%), MAge=10.75 years] enrolled in the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium Epilepsy (PERC) Surgery database project who were referred for surgery and seen for neuropsychological testing. Patients were divided into two groups based on a proxy measure of pandemic timing completed by PERC research staff at each site (i.e., “were there any changes to typical in-person administration [of the evaluation] due to COVID?”). 31% of the sample (N = 144) were identified as having testing during the pandemic (i.e., “yes” response), while 69% were identified as having testing done pre-pandemic (i.e., “no” response). Of the 31% who answered yes, 99% of administration changes pertained to in-person testing or other changes, with 1% indicating remote testing. Academic achievement was assessed by performance measures (i.e., word reading, reading comprehension, spelling, math calculations, and math word problems) across several different tests. T-tests compared the two groups on each academic domain. Subsequent analyses examined potential differences in academic achievement among age cohorts that approximately matched grade level [i.e., grade school (ages 5-10), middle school (ages 11-14), and high school (ages 15-18)].
Results:No significant differences were found between children who underwent an evaluation before the pandemic compared to those assessed during the pandemic based on age norms across academic achievement subtests (all p’s > .34). Similarly, there were no significant differences among age cohorts. The average performance for each age cohort generally fell in the low average range across academic skills. Performance inconsistently varied between age cohorts. The youngest cohort (ages 5-10) scored lower than the other cohorts for sight-word reading, whereas this cohort scored higher than the middle cohort (ages 11-14) for math word problems and reading comprehension. There were no significant differences between the two pandemic groups on demographic variables, intellectual functioning, or epilepsy variables (i.e., age of onset, number of seizure medications, seizure frequency).
Conclusions:Academic functioning was generally equivalent between children with epilepsy who underwent academic testing as part of a pre-surgical evaluation prior to the pandemic compared to those who received testing during the pandemic. Additionally, academic functioning did not significantly differ between age cohorts. Children with epilepsy may have entered the pandemic with effective academic supports and/or were accustomed to school disruptions given their seizure history. Replication is needed as findings are based on a proxy measure of pandemic timing and the extent to which children experienced in-person, remote, and hybrid learning is unknown. Children tested a year into the pandemic, after receiving instruction through varying educational methods, may score differently than those tested earlier. Future research can address these gaps. Although it is encouraging that academic functioning was not disproportionately impacted during the pandemic in this sample, children with epilepsy are at-risk for generalized academic difficulties and continued monitoring of academic functioning is necessary.
3 Latent Wechsler Profiles in Presurgical Pediatric Epilepsy
- Madison M Berl, Erin T Kaseda, Jennifer I Koop, Brandon Almy, Alyssa Ailion, Donald J Bearden, Katrina Boyer, Crystal M Cooper, Amanda M DeCrow, Priscilla H Duong, Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, Marsha Gabriel, Elise Hodges, David Marshall, Kelly A McNally, Andrew Molnar, Emily Olsen, Kim E Ono, Kristina E Patrick, Brianna Paul, Jonathan Romain, Leigh N Sepeta, Rebecca LH Stilp, Greta Wilkening, Michael Zaccariello, Frank Zelko, PERC Epilepsy Surgery Database Project
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 308-310
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Objective:
The Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC) Epilepsy Surgery Database Project is a multisite collaborative that includes neuropsychological evaluations of children presenting for epilepsy surgery. There is some evidence for specific neuropsychological phenotypes within epilepsy (Hermann et al, 2016); however, this is less clear in pediatric patients. As a first step, we applied an empirically-based subtyping approach to determine if there were specific profiles using indices from the Wechsler scales [Verbal IQ (VIQ), Nonverbal IQ (NVIQ), Processing Speed Index (PSI), Working Memory Index (WMI)]. We hypothesized that there would be at least four profiles that are distinguished by slow processing speed and poor working memory as well as profiles with significant differences between verbal and nonverbal reasoning abilities.
Participants and Methods:Our study included 372 children (M=12.1 years SD=4.1; 77.4% White; 48% male) who completed an age-appropriate Wechsler measure, enough to render at least two index scores. Epilepsy characteristics included 84.4% with focal epilepsy (evenly distributed between left and right focus) and 13.5% with generalized or mixed seizure types; mean age of onset = 6.7 years, SD = 4.5; seizure frequency ranged from daily to less than monthly; 53% had structural etiology; 71% had an abnormal MRI; and mean number of antiseizure medications was two. Latent profile analysis was used to identify discrete underlying cognitive profiles based on intellectual functioning. Demographic and epilepsy characteristics were compared among profiles.
Results:Based on class enumeration procedures, a 3-cluster solution provided the best fit for the data, with profiles characterized by generally Average, Low Average, or Below Average functioning. 32.8% were in the Average profile with mean index scores ranging from 91.7-103.2; 47.6% were in the Low Average profile with mean index ranging from 80.7 to 84.5; and 19.6% were in the Below Average profile with mean index scores ranging from 55.0-63.1. Across all profiles, the lowest mean score was the PSI, followed by WMI. VIQ and NVIQ represented relatively higher scores for all three profiles. Mean discrepancy between indices within a profile was as large as 11.5 IQ points. No demographics or epilepsy characteristics were significantly different across cognitive phenotypes.
Conclusions:Latent cognitive phenotypes in a pediatric presurgical cohort were differentiated by general level of functioning; however, across profiles, processing speed was consistently the lowest index followed by working memory. These findings across phenotypes suggest a common relative weakness which may result from a global effect of antiseizure medications and/or the widespread impact of seizures on neural networks even in a largely focal epilepsy cohort; similar to adult studies with temporal lobe epilepsy (Hermann et al, 2007). Future work will use latent profile analysis to examine phenotypes across other domains relevant to pediatric epilepsy including attention, naming, motor, and memory functioning. These findings are in line with collaborative efforts towards cognitive phenotyping which is the aim of our PERC Epilepsy Surgery Database Project that has already established one of the largest pediatric epilepsy surgery cohorts.
26 The Importance of Executive Functioning for Academic Achievement Among a National Sample of Children with Epilepsy
- Brandon Almy, David Marshall, Brittany L. Nordhaus, Erin Fedak Romanowski, Nancy McNamara, Elise Hodges, Madison M. Berl, Alyssa Ailion, Donald J. Bearden, Katrina Boyer, Crystal M. Cooper, Amanda M. Decrow, Priscilla H. Duong, Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, Marsha Gabriel, Jennifer I. Koop, Kelly A. McNally, Andrew Molnar, Emily Olsen, Kim E. Ono, Kristina E. Patrick, Brianna Paul, Jonathan Romain, Leigh N. Sepeta, Rebecca L.H. Stilp, Greta N. Wilkening, Mike Zaccariello, Frank Zelko
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 26-27
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Children with epilepsy are at greater risk of lower academic achievement than their typically developing peers (Reilly and Neville, 2015). Demographic, social, and neuropsychological factors, such as executive functioning (EF), mediate this relation. While research emphasizes the importance of EF skills for academic achievement among typically developing children (e.g., Best et al., 2011; Spiegel et al., 2021) less is known among children with epilepsy (Ng et al., 2020). The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of EF skills on academic achievement in a nationwide sample of children with epilepsy.
Participants and Methods:Participants included 427 children with epilepsy (52% male; MAge= 10.71), enrolled in the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC) Epilepsy Surgery Database who had been referred for surgery and underwent neuropsychological testing. Academic achievement was assessed by performance measures (word reading, reading comprehension, spelling, and calculation and word-based mathematics) and parent-rating measures (Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS) Functional Academics and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) School Performance). EF was assessed by verbal fluency measures, sequencing, and planning measures from the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS), NEPSY, and Tower of London test. Rating-based measures of EF included the 'Attention Problems’ subscale from the CBCL and 'Cognitive Regulation’ index from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-2). Partial correlations assessed associations between EF predictors and academic achievement, controlling for fullscale IQ (FSIQ; A composite across intelligence tests). Significant predictors of each academic skill or rating were entered into a two-step regression that included FSIQ, demographics, and seizure variables (age of onset, current medications) in the first step with EF predictors in the second step.
Results:Although zero-order correlations were significant between EF predictors and academic achievement (.29 < r’s < .63 for performance; -.63 < r’s < -.50 for rating measures), partial correlations controlling for FSIQ showed fewer significant relations. For performance-based EF, only letter fluency (DKEFS Letter Fluency) and cognitive flexibility (DKEFS Trails Condition 4) demonstrated significant associations with performance-based academic achievement (r’s > .29). Regression models for performance-based academic achievement indicated that letter fluency (ß = .22, p = .017) and CBCL attention problems (ß = -.21, p =.002) were significant predictors of sight-word reading. Only letter fluency (ß = .23, p =.006) was significant for math calculation. CBCL Attention Problems were a significant predictor of spelling performance (ß = -.21, p = .009) and reading comprehension (ß = -.18, p =.039). CBCL Attention Problems (ß = -.38, p <.001 for ABAS; ß = -.34, p =.002 for CBCL School) and BRIEF-2 Cognitive Regulation difficulties (ß = -.46, p < .001 for ABAS; ß = -.46, p =.013 for CBCL School) were significant predictors of parent-rated ABAS Functional Academics and CBCL School Performance.
Conclusions:Among a national pediatric epilepsy dataset, performance-based and ratings-based measures of EF predicted performance academic achievement, whereas only ratings-based EF predicted parent-rated academic achievement, due at least in part to shared method variance. These findings suggest that interventions that increase cognitive regulation, reduce symptoms of attention dysfunction, and promote self-generative, flexible thinking, may promote academic achievement among children with epilepsy.
38 Fine Motor Skills in Pediatric Frontal Lobe Epilepsy are Associated with Executive Dysfunction and ADHD Symptomatology
- Moshe Maiman, Madison Berl, Jennifer I Koop, Donald J Bearden, Katrina Boyer, Crystal M Cooper, Amanda M Decrow, Priscilla H. Duong, Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, Marsha Gabriel, Elise Hodges, Kelly A McNally, Andrew Molnar, Emily Olsen, Kim E Ono, Kristina E Patrick, Brianna Paul, Jonathan Romain, Leigh N Sepeta, Rebecca LH Stilp, Greta N Wilkening, Mike Zaccariello, Frank Zelko, Clemente Vega, Trey Moore, Szimonetta Mulati, Phillip Pearl, Jeffrey Bolton, Alyssa Ailion
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 37-38
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Pediatric patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) have higher rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as executive functioning (EF) and fine motor (FM) challenges. Relations between these constructs have been established in youth with ADHD and are supported by FM and EF skill involvement in frontal-subcortical systems. Still, they are not well understood in pediatric FLE. We hypothesized that poorer FM performance would be related to greater executive dysfunction and ADHD symptomatology in this group.
Participants and Methods:47 children and adolescents with FLE (AgeM=12.47, SD=5.18; IQM=84.07; SD=17.56; Age of Seizure OnsetM=6.85, SD=4.64; right-handed: n=34; left-handed: n=10; Unclear: n=3) were enrolled in the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium dataset as part of their phase I epilepsy surgical evaluation. Participants were selected if they had unifocal FLE and completed the Lafayette Grooved Pegboard (GP). Seizure lateralization (left-sided: n=19; right-sided: n=26; bilateral: n=2) and localization were established via data (e.g., EEG, MRI) presented at a multidisciplinary team case conference. Patients completed neuropsychological measures of FM, attention, and EF. Parents also completed questionnaires inquiring about their child’s everyday EF and ADHD symptomatology. Correlational analyses were conducted to examine FM, EF, and ADHD relations.
Results:Dominant hand (DH) manual dexterity (GP) was related to parent-reported EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition [BRIEF-2]-Global Executive Composite [GEC]: r(15) =-.70, p<.01, d=1.96). While not statistically significant, medium to large effect sizes were found for GP DH and parent-reported inattention (Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition [BASC-3]-Attention Problems: r(12)=-.39, p=.17, d=.85) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (BASC-3-Hyperactivity: r(11)= -.44, p=.13, d=.98), as well as performance-based attention (Conners Continuous Performance Test, Third Edition -Omission Errors: r(12)=-.35, p=.22, d=.41), working memory (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fifth Edition [WISC-V]-Digit Span [DS]: r(19)=.38, p=.09, d=.82) and cognitive flexibility (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Verbal Fluency Category Switching: r(13)=.46, p=.08, d=1.04); this suggests that these relations may exist but that our study was underpowered to detect them. Non-dominant hand (NDH) manual dexterity was related to performance-based working memory (WISC-V-DS: r(19)=.50, p<.01, d=1.12) and cognitive flexibility (D-KEFS-Trails Making Test Number-Letter Switching: r(17)=.64, p<.01, d=1.67). Again, while underpowered, medium to large effect sizes were found for GP NDH and parent-reported EF (BRIEF-2 GEC: r(15) =-.45, p=.07, d=1.01) and performance-based phonemic fluency (D-KEFS-Letter Fluency: r(13)=.31, p=.20, d=.65).
Conclusions:Our findings suggest that FM, EF, and ADHD are related in youth with FLE; however, these relations appear to vary by skill and hand. We posit that our findings are due in part to the frontal-cerebellar networks given their anatomic proximity between frontal motor areas and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - as well as their shared functional involvement in these networks. Future studies should evaluate the predictive validity of initial FM skills for later executive dysfunction and ADHD symptomatology in FLE. If such relations emerge, contributions of early FM interventions on EF development should be examined. Further replication of these findings with a larger sample is warranted.
Radiofrequency ice dielectric measurements at Summit Station, Greenland
- Juan Antonio Aguilar, Patrick Allison, Dave Besson, Abby Bishop, Olga Botner, Sjoerd Bouma, Stijn Buitink, Maddalena Cataldo, Brian A. Clark, Kenny Couberly, Zach Curtis-Ginsberg, Paramita Dasgupta, Simon de Kockere, Krijn D. de Vries, Cosmin Deaconu, Michael A. DuVernois, Anna Eimer, Christian Glaser, Allan Hallgren, Steffen Hallmann, Jordan Christian Hanson, Bryan Hendricks, Jakob Henrichs, Nils Heyer, Christian Hornhuber, Kaeli Hughes, Timo Karg, Albrecht Karle, John L. Kelley, Michael Korntheuer, Marek Kowalski, Ilya Kravchenko, Ryan Krebs, Robert Lahmann, Uzair Latif, Joseph Mammo, Matthew J. Marsee, Zachary S. Meyers, Kelli Michaels, Katharine Mulrey, Marco Muzio, Anna Nelles, Alexander Novikov, Alisa Nozdrina, Eric Oberla, Bob Oeyen, Ilse Plaisier, Noppadol Punsuebsay, Lilly Pyras, Dirk Ryckbosch, Olaf Scholten, David Seckel, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, Daniel Smith, Jethro Stoffels, Daniel Southall, Karen Terveer, Simona Toscano, Delia Tosi, Dieder J. Van Den Broeck, Nick van Eijndhoven, Abigail G. Vieregg, Janna Z. Vischer, Christoph Welling, Dawn R. Williams, Stephanie Wissel, Robert Young, Adrian Zink
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- Journal of Glaciology , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 October 2023, pp. 1-12
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We recently reported on the radio-frequency attenuation length of cold polar ice at Summit Station, Greenland, based on bi-static radar measurements of radio-frequency bedrock echo strengths taken during the summer of 2021. Those data also allow studies of (a) the relative contributions of coherent (such as discrete internal conducting layers with sub-centimeter transverse scale) vs incoherent (e.g. bulk volumetric) scattering, (b) the magnitude of internal layer reflection coefficients, (c) limits on signal propagation velocity asymmetries (‘birefringence’) and (d) limits on signal dispersion in-ice over a bandwidth of ~100 MHz. We find that (1) attenuation lengths approach 1 km in our band, (2) after averaging 10 000 echo triggers, reflected signals observable over the thermal floor (to depths of ~1500 m) are consistent with being entirely coherent, (3) internal layer reflectivities are ≈–60$\to$–70 dB, (4) birefringent effects for vertically propagating signals are smaller by an order of magnitude relative to South Pole and (5) within our experimental limits, glacial ice is non-dispersive over the frequency band relevant for neutrino detection experiments.
361 WDR5 represents a therapeutically exploitable target for cancer stem cells in glioblastoma
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- Christopher Hubert, Kelly Mitchell, Samuel Sprowls, Sajina Shakya, Sonali Arora, Daniel J. Silver, Christopher M. Goins, Lisa Wallace, Gustavo Roversi, Rachel Schafer, Kristen Kay, Tyler E. Miller, Adam Lauko, John Bassett, Anjali Kashyap, J. D’Amato Kass, Erin E. Mulkearns-Hubert, Sadie Johnson, Joseph Alvarado, Jeremy N. Rich, Patrick J. Paddison, Anoop P. Patel, Shaun R. Stauffer, Christopher G. Hubert, Justin D. Lathia
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- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 7 / Issue s1 / April 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2023, p. 107
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are heterogeneous, treatment-resistant tumors that are driven by populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we perform an epigenetic-focused functional genomics screen in GBM organoids and identify WDR5 as an essential epigenetic regulator in the SOX2-enriched, therapy resistant cancer stem cell niche. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Despite their importance for tumor growth, few molecular mechanisms critical for CSC population maintenance have been exploited for therapeutic development. We developed a spatially resolved loss-of-function screen in GBM patient-derived organoids to identify essential epigenetic regulators in the SOX2-enriched, therapy resistant niche. Our niche-specific screens identified WDR5, an H3K4 histone methyltransferase responsible for activating specific gene expression, as indispensable for GBM CSC growth and survival. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In GBM CSC models, WDR5 inhibitors blocked WRAD complex assembly and reduced H3K4 trimethylation and expression of genes involved in CSC-relevant oncogenic pathways. H3K4me3 peaks lost with WDR5 inhibitor treatment occurred disproportionally on POU transcription factor motifs, required for stem cell maintenance and including the POU5F1(OCT4)::SOX2 motif. We incorporated a SOX2/OCT4 motif driven GFP reporter system into our CSC cell models and found that WDR5 inhibitor treatment resulted in dose-dependent silencing of stem cell reporter activity. Further, WDR5 inhibitor treatment altered the stem cell state, disrupting CSC in vitro growth and self-renewal as well as in vivo tumor growth. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results unveiled the role of WDR5 in maintaining the CSC state in GBM and provide a rationale for therapeutic development of WDR5 inhibitors for GBM and other advanced cancers. This conceptual and experimental framework can be applied to many cancers, and can unmask unique microenvironmental biology and rationally designed combination therapies.
Estimated number of N95 respirators needed for healthcare workers in acute-care hospitals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
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- Patrick T. Wedlock, Kelly J. O’Shea, Madellena Conte, Sarah M. Bartsch, Samuel L. Randall, Marie C. Ferguson, Sarah N. Cox, Sheryl S. Siegmund, Sarah Kulkarni, Denis Nash, Michael Y. Lin, Bruce Y. Lee
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- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 42 / Issue 11 / November 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 January 2021, pp. 1318-1326
- Print publication:
- November 2021
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Objective:
Due to shortages of N95 respirators during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is necessary to estimate the number of N95s required for healthcare workers (HCWs) to inform manufacturing targets and resource allocation.
Methods:We developed a model to determine the number of N95 respirators needed for HCWs both in a single acute-care hospital and the United States.
Results:For an acute-care hospital with 400 all-cause monthly admissions, the number of N95 respirators needed to manage COVID-19 patients admitted during a month ranges from 113 (95% interpercentile range [IPR], 50–229) if 0.5% of admissions are COVID-19 patients to 22,101 (95% IPR, 5,904–25,881) if 100% of admissions are COVID-19 patients (assuming single use per respirator, and 10 encounters between HCWs and each COVID-19 patient per day). The number of N95s needed decreases to a range of 22 (95% IPR, 10–43) to 4,445 (95% IPR, 1,975–8,684) if each N95 is used for 5 patient encounters. Varying monthly all-cause admissions to 2,000 requires 6,645–13,404 respirators with a 60% COVID-19 admission prevalence, 10 HCW–patient encounters, and reusing N95s 5–10 times. Nationally, the number of N95 respirators needed over the course of the pandemic ranges from 86 million (95% IPR, 37.1–200.6 million) to 1.6 billion (95% IPR, 0.7–3.6 billion) as 5%–90% of the population is exposed (single-use). This number ranges from 17.4 million (95% IPR, 7.3–41 million) to 312.3 million (95% IPR, 131.5–737.3 million) using each respirator for 5 encounters.
Conclusions:We quantified the number of N95 respirators needed for a given acute-care hospital and nationally during the COVID-19 pandemic under varying conditions.
Subjective cognitive functioning in relation to changes in levels of depression and anxiety in youth over three months of treatment – CORRIGENDUM
- Kelly Allott, Caroline Gao, Sarah E. Hetrick, Kate M. Filia, Jana M. Menssink, Caroline Fisher, Ian B. Hickie, Helen E. Herrman, Debra J. Rickwood, Alexandra G. Parker, Patrick D. Mcgorry, Sue M. Cotton
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- BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 5 / September 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 September 2020, e110
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Subjective cognitive functioning in relation to changes in levels of depression and anxiety in youth over 3 months of treatment
- Kelly Allott, Caroline Gao, Sarah E. Hetrick, Kate M. Filia, Jana M. Menssink, Caroline Fisher, Ian B. Hickie, Helen E. Herrman, Debra J. Rickwood, Alexandra G. Parker, Patrick D. Mcgorry, Sue M. Cotton
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- BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 5 / September 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 August 2020, e84
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Background
Subjective cognitive difficulties are common in mental illness and have a negative impact on role functioning. Little is understood about subjective cognition and the longitudinal relationship with depression and anxiety symptoms in young people.
AimsTo examine the relationship between changes in levels of depression and anxiety and changes in subjective cognitive functioning over 3 months in help-seeking youth.
MethodThis was a cohort study of 656 youth aged 12–25 years attending Australian headspace primary mental health services. Subjective changes in cognitive functioning (rated as better, same, worse) reported after 3 months of treatment was assessed using the Neuropsychological Symptom Self-Report. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of baseline levels of and changes in depression (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ9) and anxiety symptoms (seven-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale; GAD7) on changes in subjective cognitive function at follow-up while controlling for covariates.
ResultsWith a one-point reduction in PHQ9 at follow-up, there was an estimated 11–18% increase in ratings of better subjective cognitive functioning at follow-up, relative to stable cognitive functioning. A one-point increase in PHQ9 from baseline to follow-up was associated with 7–14% increase in ratings of worse subjective cognitive functioning over 3 months, relative to stable cognitive functioning. A similar attenuated pattern of findings was observed for the GAD7.
ConclusionsA clear association exists between subjective cognitive functioning outcomes and changes in self-reported severity of affective symptoms in young people over the first 3 months of treatment. Understanding the timing and mechanisms of these associations is needed to tailor treatment.
Revolution by Customary International Law?
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- J. Patrick Kelly
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- AJIL Unbound / Volume 112 / 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 November 2018, pp. 297-302
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B.S. Chimni's Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective announces a provocative normative approach to customary international law (CIL) designed to develop progressive norms by deemphasizing state practice and promoting deliberative reasoning as the basis for opinio juris rather than the general acceptance of states. Many of his historical concerns are compelling: the unfairness and dubious validity of the persistent objector principle, the lack of access and attention to non-European state practice, and the questionable legitimacy of CIL norms developed without the participation of a majority of states or their consent. While Chimni makes a compelling case for the problematic origins of much of CIL, his approach to reform raises serious legitimacy and practical questions that undermine the viability of his proposed solution. Problems such as extreme poverty, environmental degradation, and nuclear weapons are best resolved through democratic political institutions rather than weak and undemocratic international tribunals. I will analyze Chimni's approach first as a theory of customary law and then as a theory of the role of international tribunals. Finally, I will raise concerns about his normative goals.
Individual placement and support for vocational recovery in first-episode psychosis: randomised controlled trial
- Eóin Killackey, Kelly Allott, Henry J. Jackson, Rosanna Scutella, Yi-Ping Tseng, Jeff Borland, Tina-Marie Proffitt, Sally Hunt, Frances Kay-Lambkin, Gina Chinnery, Gennady Baksheev, Mario Alvarez-Jimenez, Patrick D. McGorry, Susan M. Cotton
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 214 / Issue 2 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 September 2018, pp. 76-82
- Print publication:
- February 2019
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Background
High unemployment is a hallmark of psychotic illness. Individual placement and support (IPS) may be effective at assisting the vocational recoveries of young people with first-episode psychosis (FEP).
AimsTo examine the effectiveness of IPS at assisting young people with FEP to gain employment (Australian and Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12608000094370).
MethodYoung people with FEP (n = 146) who were interested in vocational recovery were randomised using computer-generated random permuted blocks on a 1:1 ratio to: (a) 6 months of IPS in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) or (b) TAU alone. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 6 months (end of intervention), 12 months and 18 months post-baseline by research assistants who were masked to the treatment allocations.
ResultsAt the end of the intervention the IPS group had a significantly higher rate of having been employed (71.2%) than the TAU group (48.0%), odds ratio 3.40 (95% CI 1.17–9.91, z = 2.25, P = 0.025). However, this difference was not seen at 12- and 18-month follow-up points. There was no difference at any time point on educational outcomes.
ConclusionsThis is the largest trial to our knowledge on the effectiveness of IPS in FEP. The IPS group achieved a very high employment rate during the 6 months of the intervention. However, the advantage of IPS was not maintained in the long term. This seems to be related more to an unusually high rate of employment being achieved in the control group rather than a gross reduction in employment among the IPS group.
Declaration of interestNone.
Assessment of thyroid function in children, adults and pregnant and lactating women after long-term salt iodisation measurements
- Xiaohui Su, Mu Li, Lixiang Liu, Hongmei Shen, Patrick J. Kelly, Yanling Wang, Zhihui Chen, Jinbiao Wang, Weidong Li, Huixin Chen, Bangzhong Xiao, Yunfeng Han, Shoujun Liu, Peng Liu
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- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 119 / Issue 11 / 14 June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2018, pp. 1245-1253
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2018
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Universal salt iodisation (USI) has been successfully implemented in China for more than 15 years. Recent evidence suggests that the definition of ‘adequate iodine’ (100–199 µg/l) be revised to ‘sufficient iodine’ (100–299 µg/l) based on the median urinary iodine concentration (MUI) in school-age children. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in populations after long-term salt iodisation and examine whether the definition of adequate iodine can be broadened to sufficient iodine based on the thyroid function in four population groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in six provinces in the northern, central and southern regions of China. Four population groups consisting of 657 children, 755 adults, 347 pregnant women and 348 lactating women were recruited. Three spot urinary samples were collected over a 10-d period and blood samples were collected on the 1st day. In the study, among the adults, pregnant women and lactating women, the prevalence rates of elevated thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid microsomal antibody levels were 12·4, 8·5 and 7·8 %, and 12·1, 9·1 and 9·1 %, respectively. Abnormally high thyroid dysfunction prevalence was not observed after more than 15 years of USI in China because the thyroid dysfunction rates were all <5 %. The recommended range should be cautiously broadened from adequate iodine to sufficient iodine according to the MUI of school-age children considering the high levels of hormones and antibodies in the other populations. Adults, particularly pregnant women positive for thyroid antibodies, should be closely monitored.
2 - Customary International Law in Historical Context
- from Part I - Reexamining Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on Customary International Law
- Edited by Brian D. Lepard, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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- Reexamining Customary International Law
- Published online:
- 26 January 2017
- Print publication:
- 16 February 2017, pp 47-85
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Improved moraine age interpretations through explicit matching of geomorphic process models to cosmogenic nuclide measurements from single landforms
- Patrick J. Applegate, Nathan M. Urban, Klaus Keller, Thomas V. Lowell, Benjamin J.C. Laabs, Meredith A. Kelly, Richard B. Alley
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 77 / Issue 2 / March 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 293-304
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The statistical distributions of cosmogenic nuclide measurements from moraine boulders contain previously unused information on moraine ages, and they help determine whether moraine degradation or inheritance is more important on individual moraines. Here, we present a method for extracting this information by fitting geomorphic process models to observed exposure ages from single moraines. We also apply this method to 94 10Be apparent exposure ages from 11 moraines reported in four published studies. Our models represent 10Be accumulation in boulders that are exhumed over time by slope processes (moraine degradation), and the delivery of boulders with preexisting 10Be inventories to moraines (inheritance). For now, we neglect boulder erosion and snow cover, which are likely second-order processes. Given a highly scattered data set, we establish which model yields the better fit to the data, and estimate the age of the moraine from the better model fit. The process represented by the better-fitting model is probably responsible for most of the scatter among the apparent ages. Our methods should help resolve controversies in exposure dating; we reexamine the conclusions from two published studies based on our model fits.
Stability of Holocene Climate Regimes in the Yellowstone Region
- Cathy Whitlock, Patrick J. Bartlein, Kelli J. Van Norman
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 43 / Issue 3 / May 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 433-436
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A 12,500-yr pollen record from Loon Lake, Wyoming provides information on the climate history of the southwestern margin of Yellowstone National Park. The environmental reconstruction was used to evaluate hypotheses that address spatial variations in the Holocene climate of mountainous regions. Loon Lake lies within the summer-dry/winter-wet climate regime. An increase in xerophytic pollen taxa suggests drier-than-present conditions between ca. 9500 and 5500 14C yr B.P. This response is consistent with the hypothesis that increased summer radiation and the expansion of the east Pacific subtropical high-pressure system in the early Holocene intensified summer drought at locations within the summer-dry/winter-wet regime. This climate history contrasts with that of nearby sites in the summer-wet/winter-dry region, which were under the influence of stronger summer monsoonal circulation in the early Holocene. The Loon Lake record implies that the location of contrasting climate regimes did not change in the Yellowstone region during the Holocene. The amplitude of the regimes, however, was determined by the intensity of circulation features and these varied with temporal changes in the seasonal distribution of solar radiation.
Multidisciplinary Management of Pediatric Sports-Related Concussion
- Michael J. Ellis, Lesley J. Ritchie, Patrick J. McDonald, Dean Cordingley, Karen Reimer, Satnam Nijjar, Mark Koltek, Shahid Hosain, Janine Johnston, Behzad Mansouri, Scott Sawyer, Norm Silver, Richard Girardin, Shannon Larkins, Sara Vis, Erin Selci, Michael Davidson, Scott Gregoire, Angela Sam, Brian Black, Martin Bunge, Marco Essig, Peter MacDonald, Jeff Leiter, Kelly Russell
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 44 / Issue 1 / January 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 October 2016, pp. 24-34
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Objectives: To summarize the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric sports-related concussion (SRC) patients who were evaluated and managed at a multidisciplinary pediatric concussion program and examine the healthcare resources and personnel required to meet the needs of this patient population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all pediatric SRC patients referred to the Pan Am Concussion Program from September 1st, 2013 to May 25th, 2015. Initial assessments and diagnoses were carried out by a single neurosurgeon. Return-to-Play decision-making was carried out by the multidisciplinary team. Results: 604 patients, including 423 pediatric SRC patients were evaluated at the Pan Am Concussion Program during the study period. The mean age of study patients was 14.30 years (SD: 2.32, range 7-19 years); 252 (59.57%) were males. Hockey (182; 43.03%) and soccer (60; 14.18%) were the most commonly played sports at the time of injury. Overall, 294 (69.50%) of SRC patients met the clinical criteria for concussion recovery, while 75 (17.73%) were lost to follow-up, and 53 (12.53%) remained in active treatment at the end of the study period. The median duration of symptoms among the 261 acute SRC patients with complete follow-up was 23 days (IQR: 15, 36). Overall, 25.30% of pediatric SRC patients underwent at least one diagnostic imaging test and 32.62% received referral to another member of our multidisciplinary clinical team. Conclusion: Comprehensive care of pediatric SRC patients requires access to appropriate diagnostic resources and the multidisciplinary collaboration of experts with national and provincially-recognized training in TBI.
QUALITY OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT REPORTS PREPARED FOR THE MEDICAL SERVICES ADVISORY COMMITTEE
- Martin Hua, Tristan Boonstra, Patrick J. Kelly, Andrew Wilson, Jonathan C. Craig, Angela C. Webster
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 October 2016, pp. 315-323
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Objectives: The Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) makes recommendations to the Australian Government for funding health technologies under the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS). Differences in public, clinical, commercial, and political opinions on health expenditure emphasize the importance of defensible funding decisions. We aimed to evaluate the quality of health technology assessment (HTA) reports over time and among health technologies assessed for MSAC.
Main Outcome Measures: A cohort study was performed of HTA reports prepared for MSAC between 1998 and 2013. We measured the quality of HTA reports using reporting guidelines proposed by the European Collaboration for Assessment of Health Interventions. Individual component scores across eleven domains were calculated, and summed for an overall aggregate score. We used linear regression to investigate any change in quality over time and among the types of technologies assessed.
Results: We included 110 HTA reports. The safety (80 percent), effectiveness (84 percent), economic (74 percent), and organizational (99 percent) domains were better reported than the psychological, social, and ethical considerations (34 percent). The basic (75 percent), methodological (62 percent), background (82 percent), contextual (46 percent), status quo (54 percent), and technical information (66 percent) that framed each assessment were inconsistently reported. On average, overall quality scores increased by 2 percent (p < 0.001) per year, from approximately 60 percent to 80 percent over the 15-year period, with no significant difference among surgical, diagnostic or other nonpharmaceutical health technologies (p = 0.22).
Conclusions: HTA reports prepared for MSAC are a key tool in allocating scarce health resources. The overall quality of these reports has improved, but the reporting of specific domains and subthemes therein could be better addressed.
Should urinary iodine concentrations of school-aged children continue to be used as proxy for different populations? Analysis of data from Chinese national surveys
- Peng Liu, Xiaohui Su, Mu Li, Hongmei Shen, Jun Yu, Patrick J. Kelly, Fangang Meng, Lixiang Liu, Lijun Fan, Ming Li, Shoujun Liu, Dianjun Sun
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 116 / Issue 6 / 28 September 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 August 2016, pp. 1068-1076
- Print publication:
- 28 September 2016
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I deficiency is a worldwide public health problem. Median urinary I concentration in school-aged children has been used globally as a proxy for all populations. This study aims to determine whether median urinary I concentration of school-aged children is an appropriate indicator of I nutritional status in different adult populations. This is a secondary data analysis of two national I Deficiency Disorder surveys (2011, 2014) and two regional surveys (in coastal areas, 2009, and in high-risk areas, 2009–2014). Population groups included in these surveys were school-aged children (8–10 years), pregnant women, lactating women, women of childbearing age and adults (men and women, 18–45 years). All participants were self-reported healthy without history of thyroid diseases or were not using thyroid medicines. The median urinary I concentration of school-aged children was matched with that of the other population at the county level. The matched populations had similar iodised salt supply, food and water I, food composition and I content in salt. Weak or moderate correlation of median urinary I concentrations was observed between school-aged children and pregnant women and between children and lactating women. However, the agreement was stronger between children and women of childbearing age and between children and adult men and women. The results could be affected by cut-off values, data aggregation level and sample size. Using median urinary I concentration of school-aged children tends to overestimate that of pregnant women and lactating women. Median urinary I concentration of school-aged children can be used for assessing I nutrition in the adult population.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By Naila A. Ahmad, Dua M. Anderson, Jennifer Aunspaugh, Sabrina T. Bent, Adam Broussard, Staci Cameron, Rahul Dasgupta, Ravinder Devgun, Ofer N. Eytan, Sean H. Flack, Terry G. Fletcher, Charles James Fox, Mary Elise Fox, Scott Friedman, Louise K. Furukawa, Sonja Gennuso, Stanley M. Hall, Hani Hanna, Jacob Hummel, James E. Hunt, Ranu Jain, Joe R. Jansen, Deepa Kattail, Alan David Kaye, David J. Krodel, Gregory J. Latham, Sungeun Lee, Michael G. Levitzky, Alexander Y. Lin, Carl Lo, Hoa N. Luu, Camila Lyon, Kelly A. Machovec, Lizabeth D. Martin, Maria Matuszczak, Patrick S. McCarty, Brenda C. McClain, J. Grant McFadyen, Helen Nazareth, Dolores B. Njoku, Christina M. Pabelick, Shannon M. Peters, Amit Prabhakar, Michael Richards, Kasia Rubin, Joel A. Saltzman, Lisgelia Santana, Gabriel Sarah, Katherine Stammen, John Stork, Kim M. Strupp, Lalitha V. Sundararaman, Rosalie F. Tassone, Douglas R. Thompson, Nicole C. P. Thompson, Paul A. Tripi, Jacqueline L. Tutiven, Navyugjit Virk, Stacey Watt, B. Craig Weldon, Maria Zestus
- Edited by Alan David Kaye, Louisiana State University, Charles James Fox, Tulane University School of Medicine, Louisiana, James H. Diaz, Louisiana State University
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- Book:
- Essentials of Pediatric Anesthesiology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 16 October 2014, pp ix-xii
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